Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

Irony as one of the discussions in rhetorical sciences has been disputable since the beginning until now and there has been no single definition which could have explained the essence of this rhetorical/linguistic technique in a correct way. One of the most controversial and frequent literary topics is the topic of irony, one of the subsets of rhetoric. Understanding the meanings of combinations and words in Persian literary texts is in the category of understanding the ironic and secondary meanings of those combinations. In books and articles on rhetoric, different definitions with different examples have appeared. However, for the researchers in this field, there has been an Achilles heel, and those who have started a new research, put their hands on that weak point. The present study tries to have a pathological approach to landslides of irony, the definitions of irony and their weak points, the methods of studies on irony, and the neglected point’s by the researchers. In addition, and the cases on the pathology of irony studies have been discussed. The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of this research includes several rhetorical books, which were discussed and compared after a detailed study of the definitions and explanations and examples in these sources, and the most important points of commonality and difference between them were examined. After examining different rhetorical and linguistic sources and discussing about the existing samples, it was found that the most important weak points in the pathology of irony included neglecting some issues such as ordinary speech, text, and dialectical and social matters, etc. Critics and commentators have not considered everyday language to have metaphors and allusions and have always tried to extract all examples of rhetoric from literary texts; In the existing rhetorical books, various definitions of irony have been presented, these definitions are to the extent that sometimes they overlap and include, sometimes they are contradictory .Suggestions were offered for these cases.

This study explores the impact of traditional and modern media on the increasing crime rates, with an emphasis on the cultural criminology approach. The primary question is how media influences criminal activities—whether its effects are predominantly negative or if media can also play a role in crime prevention. The central hypothesis suggests that media, by amplifying crime news, normalizing deviant behaviors, and creating misleading role models, contributes to crime escalation. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method, the research relies on library resources and online data. Findings indicate that media influences societal behavior through mechanisms like crime normalization, violence promotion, imitation, and even criminal idolization. The study also highlights theories such as moral panic, broken windows, and social control to substantiate the direct and indirect roles of media in escalating crime. Moreover, the research underscores the potential for media to play a preventive role by promoting education and cultural awareness. The findings underscore the necessity of revising media policies to mitigate negative effects and leverage media's preventive capacities.

One of the main reasons for the failure in the higher institutionalization of the education system in students is a different view of education and the separation of education from Instruction from the highest levelsto the lowest levels, ie the classroom and even In the students' transcripts. The main purpose of this study is to find the root and pathology of this problem and provide solutions to solve the educational problems caused by this problem. The present study has dealt with the pathology of the issue of separation of "education" and "upbringing" with a descriptive-analytical method and has provided solutions to solve the educational problems resulting from this separation. According to the findings of this study, the separation of these two units into two distinct streams such as education raises many theoretical and practical problems. A discriminatory view creates the misconception in the minds of the agents of the system that the work of the school and the formal and public education system in practice include two different and distinct activities. This perception leads to the rupture of educational activities and a kind of dichotomy in the activities, programs, mechanisms and inefficiencies of the system and the school, which will ultimately lead to a lack of coherence and unity in the identity and personality of students. The irresponsibility of teachers in playing their educational role, entrance exam and focusing on the central role of "education" in school processes and activities are other consequences of this discriminatory view.

The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal identity.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the primary concerns in internet security today. Machine learning can be exploited to detect such attacks. In this paper, a multi-layer perceptron model is proposed and implemented using deep machine learning to distinguish between malicious and normal traffic based on their behavioral patterns. The proposed model is trained and tested using the CICDDoS2019 dataset. To remove irrelevant and redundant data from the dataset and increase learning accuracy, feature selection is used to select and extract the most effective features that allow us to detect these attacks. Moreover, we use the grid search algorithm to acquire optimum values of the model’s hyperparameters among the parameters’ space. In addition, the sensitivity of accuracy of the model to variations of an input parameter is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented model is validated in comparison with some state-of-the-art works.

The present paper is an attempt to study the indicators of organizational culture through a cultural pathological approach. Hence such indicators as innovation and risking, motivation, identity (loyalty), solidarity and integration, common goals, stability, result orientation, communications, teamwork, and emphasis on practice and control method have been used to test the formulated hypotheses.The questionnaire used for the present research was designed and standardized by the researcher. The sample constituted of all the managers and employees of a private electrical company. The sampling method was random sampling. A series of t-tests and other statistical methods were used to test the hypotheses.The findings of the research indicate that there is a significant gap between the existing situation and the ideal situation. Also the mean of risking and innovation, identity, integrity, solidarity and common goals regarding the existing situation is less than the average mean, while the means of other variables are more than the average mean. Some suggestions have been propose finally for the improvement of the situation.

Aim: Electronic test is a result of the influence of technology in the domain of education that its use is increasing in Iran. This involves difficulties and obstacles that the main objective of this study was to evaluate pathological electronic tests in Iran. Method: Research method is descriptive-survey. The population of the research includes all staff and volunteers of English TOEFL test in 2014. Samples were selected by census method. 102 volunteers and 25 employees were related to the conduct of electronic tests were selected. Data collection tools included two researcher-made questionnaires including statements about various aspects of electronic tests. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and one-sample t-test and Friedman test. Results : Results show that problems from volunteers point of view sequentially are included: "Attitudes to electronic test", "test content", " fast, accurate and useful Feedback ", " volunteers training and preparing ", " officials staff accountability ", "safety test", " physical space of the test ", " software and hardware technical issues ". also problems from the perspective of official staff sequentially are included: "Running costs", " volunteers digital literacy ", "attitude", "employee motivation", "legal issues", "feedback", "supervision", "people familiar with the test," "planning, coordination and implementation "" security, "" space of implementation the test "," test technical issues. "Conclusion: electronic tests have many and different advantages but many injuries at their implementation have been identified that need to be modified over time.

This article introduces, analyzes, and criticizes the work of Lawrence M. Hinman, Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Hinman is a Philosopher of Ethics in the multimedia learning. He believes that multiculturalism is important factor of nowadays so the most important responsibility of philosophers of Ethics is prevention of moral conflict. The global communication and information in 21st century needs global tolerance and respect of various nations, cultures, and moralities together because different people and societies have a common human nature and common natural rights that obligate to justice and moral relationship between different people and various societies’ beliefs throughout the world. Moral communication in multiculturalism approach is against racial, gender, national, and ethnic prejudice. Hinman believes in moral dialogue and global learning across different cultures. The book of Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory has a proper category of new ethical problems, and the candid standpoint of author is considerable. He has a logical method, and in the end of every part of book there are some questions for evaluation of students learning. So this book is proper for the philosophy of ethics in universities.